Francesca Trivellato

The few Anglophone readers for whom the name Gino Luzzatto (1878–1964) still has a familiar ring know him as an economic historian of medieval Europe, with a focus on Italy and on Mediterranean trade. But throughout his career he also cultivated a consistent if secondary interest in Jewish history and weighed in on controversial debates on the role of Jews in the development of Western capitalism. A socialist and an assimilated Jew, Luzzatto was persecuted first for his political ideas and later as a consequence of Mussolini’s Racial Laws. This article examines his largely forgotten contributions to the economic history of medieval and early modern Italian Jews in order to illuminate a little-known chapter in the ever-contentious relationship between economic history and Jewish history. By placing Luzzatto alongside his contemporaries, it elucidates his commitment to integrate Jewish history into general European history and compares his approach to competing interpretations dating from the inter- war and immediate post-war periods. It thus broadens our knowledge of the range of scholarly traditions that have sustained the study of Jews’ economic roles before the current revival of interest in the topic.

This essay attempts to delineate a network approach to the study of cross-cultural trade in the Early Modern period. To do so, the author borrows from the British tradition of network analysis – understood in analytical rather than mathematical terms – and the works of Fredrik Barth. In the context of current debates on “trading diasporas” and “merchant networks”, a network approach has three invaluable advantages. It allows historians to analyze inter-group (rather than intragroup) relations, and thus overcome a limitation common to both anthropological and economic approaches. Moreover, it narrows the gap that divides anthropological studies (focused on the internal organization of trading diasporas and the role of cultural norms) and a rational theory understanding of merchant coalitions as the product of self-interested individual actions. Finally, because it is micro-analytical, a network approach allows historians to examine the workings of specific informal networks that traversed commonly defined geographical, political and cultural areas, and thus complicates our understanding of supposedly linear macro-phenomena. The operational validity of such an approach, based on business correspondence, is tested using a case study concerning the Indo-Portuguese (rather than the Anglo-Dutch) branch of Mediterranean coral and Indian diamond exchanges. Jews of Leghorn, Amsterdam and London were connected with the Italian merchants of Lisbon and a Hindu caste of Goa. This informal network remained vital until at least the 1730s.